Organ transplantation is the transplantation of organs (parts of an organ) and (or) tissues (parts of tissue) to another place in the body or to another organism.
Organ transplantation may be necessary for any person, both an adult and a child, no one is immune from loss of health.
Many diseases can lead to the fact that a human organ ceases to function and there is a need for its transplantation.
Today, about 4 thousand Kazakhstanis are in urgent need of organ transplantation, including 109 children as of July 2023. The bill for some patients goes neither for days, but for hours. More often than other organs, Kazakhstanis need kidney transplantation - 91.2%, liver – 4.6%, heart – 3.7%, lungs-0.4%, pulmonary-cardiac complex – 0.1%.
Transplantation of the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, pancreas is carried out in Kazakhstan. Since 2012, 2,379 organ transplants have been performed, 85% of them from lifetime donors and 15% from postmortem donors.
According to Article 210 and paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 212 of the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 7, 2020 "On the health of the people and the health care system" (hereinafter referred to as the Code), a living person (a lifetime donor) and a deceased (a posthumous donor) can be a donor.
A lifetime organ and tissue donor can be a person:
The decision to transplant an organ (part of an organ) from a lifetime donor in Kazakhstan is made by an Ethical Commission, which, in order to exclude abuse and improve safety, examines all the supporting documents listed above, establishes a genetic link between a potential recipient and a lifetime donor.
A posthumous donor is a person aged 18 years and older who has been diagnosed with irreversible brain death, whose organs (parts of the organ) and (or) tissues (parts of tissue) can be used for transplantation to the recipient. The organs of one posthumous donor can save the lives of about 7 people.
The order of the Acting Minister of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan approved the list of infectious diseases in which transplantation of organs and tissues from a donor is permitted.
In accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 212 of the Code, the removal of organs and tissues from a posthumous donor for transplantation is not allowed if the medical organization at the time of withdrawal is informed that this person during his life or after his death other persons, spouse, and in his absence, one of the close relatives declared their disagreement with the removal of his organs and tissues .
The decision on the need for organ transplantation is made by a multidisciplinary group - a group of various specialists formed depending on the nature of the violation of the functions and structures of the patient's body, the severity of his clinical condition. If they confirm the indications for transplantation, they send the information to the transplant coordinators. The patient is put on the waiting list. He stays there until an organ with tissue compatibility from a posthumous donor is revealed.
The waiting list for organ transplantation is the only one in Kazakhstan.
The waiting list includes those people for whom a clear decision has already been made about the need for transplantation (protocol decision of the multidisciplinary group at the regional health department or the transplant center, an extract from the patient's medical record (form 027/y) (indicating the blood type, Rh factor, height and weight of the patient, no contraindications for transplantation), ID card, home address and contact phone numbers.
The reason for inclusion in the waiting list is:
1) conclusion of a multidisciplinary group at the regional health department or the transplant center;
2) the patient's consent to the collection and processing of personal data;
3) information about the patient.
In this connection, you should contact the PHC organization at the place of attachment to the district or family doctor to resolve the issue of referral to the appropriate commission if there are indications for transplantation.
In the waiting list, potential recipients infected with viral hepatitis (B, C), tuberculosis of any localization, HIV infection, syphilis have the opportunity to receive an organ not only from a healthy, but also from a posthumous donor infected with the same diagnosis (order of the Acting Minister of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated October 30, 2020 No. KR DSM-171/2020).
In accordance with subparagraph 3) of paragraph 4 of Article 209 of the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On people's health and the health care system" it is prohibited for the purposes of transplantation:
In order to register his will for posthumous donation, a citizen of the Republic of Kazakhstan can carry out in two ways:
To do this, the applicant must log in to the portal and order the service
Then fill in all the required fields and sign the application with an EDS, after a few minutes the status will be updated and a certificate of registration of the expression of will in two languages will become available.
In the application, you can allow the use of all organs or some specific ones. Subsequently, you can change your mind an unlimited number of times.
The application itself is unlimited, that is, it does not need to be updated or confirmed after some time. The decision is made based on the person's last registered application.
Information about who registered the consent or refusal is closed.Only three republican coordinators have access to this base and only after the death of a person.
Personal data protection is carried out in accordance with the Code and article 29 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated May 21, 2013 "On personal data and their protection".
In accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 212 of the Code, the Order of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. KR DSM-308/2020 dated December 21, 2020 "On approval of the Rules for giving a person's lifetime will for posthumous donation of organs (part of an organ) and (or) tissues (part of tissue) and notification of a spouse or one of close relatives" was developed about this."