Aubakirov Aldiyar Akylbekovich

In order to implement the Program for the development of archiving in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2001-2005, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 11, 2001. №797, by order of the Chairman of the Committee for Archives and Documentation Management of the Ministry of Culture, Information and Public Accord of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated November 16, 2001. №65, a program of measures was approved for the search and acquisition of copies of documents on the history of Kazakhstan of the XV-XX centuries from archives and scientific institutions of foreign countries that have historical value for the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Archivists of the East Kazakhstan region made business trips to the state archives of the Omsk region, Orenburg region, the state archives of Tobolsk, the Storage Center of the Archive Fund of the Altai Territory (Barnaul), the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (Moscow).

A part of the preserved documents on the history of East Kazakhstan is concentrated in the city of Barnaul in the Storage Center of the Archival Fund of Altai Territory. These are the funds: "Office of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky mountain authorities", "Mining board of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky factories", "Directorate of the Altai district", "Bukhtarminsky zemstvo ruler", "Mountain expedition of the Kolyvan province", in the fund of personal origin "S.I. Gulyaev "," Manager of treasury gold mines of the Main Directorate of the Altai mountain district "," Barnaul branch of the Russian-Asian Trade Bank "," Manager of the Ridder and Sokolny mines of the Main Directorate of Altai Territory "," Management Board of Yuzhno-Altaysk of gold-mining business "and others.

Relations between Kazakhs and Siberian peasants date back to the middle of the 18th century, when the territory of Kazakhstan entered the orbit of influence of the Russian state, this predetermined the distribution of the Kazakh population in Siberian provinces and influenced the migration of Kazakh nomads to the territory of the Russian state. Expanding mining, the mining authorities displaced the Kazakhs from their lands. According to officials of the Kolyvano-Resurrection factories, Kazakhs in the XVIII century. they wandered in the area “from the peaks of the Irtysh River” to the “steppe called Bitpak”; according to other sources, the Middle Zhuz nomads were located in the territory of the Semipalatinsk, Akmola, and parts of the Syrdarya regions.

Throughout the entire pre-revolutionary period, mining authorities conducted a real attack on the West Siberian governor-general with a demand to remove Kazakhs from the lands of the Altai Territory. This is evidenced by documents such as:

Lists of correlation to the head of the Kolyvan factories on the prohibition of nomadism and the residence of the Kyrgyz within the Irtysh lines, 1827.

Decisions of the Mining Board of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky factories prohibiting the Kyrgyz from roaming the lands of the district.

Minutes of a meeting of the general presence of Altai government on the eviction of nomadic Kirghiz, 1839

The minutes of the meeting of the general presence of the Altai Mining Board on the eviction from the territory of nomadic Kazakhs, 1842.

In warm time, Kazakhs wandered in the steppes, and in winter they moved to the southwestern steppes of the Altai district, which were convenient for winter grazing of Kazakh cattle. They didn’t really care about tickets for staying in the Altai district, as they wandered here even before its formation. This outraged county officials.

The Altai administration tried to solve this issue by prohibiting the Kazakhs from settling in the Gornyi Okrug, wandering near factories and mines and generally on the right bank of the Irtysh. In 1854 the Regulation of the Emperor "On the management of the Semipalatinsk region" was issued, according to which the Semipalatinsk region was created with the inner District of the Siberian Kyrgyz. According to this provision, the Kyrgyz were categorically forbidden to switch to peasant settlements. The transition from the inner district to the outer one to a permanent nomad and reckoning to any volost was allowed only with the permission of the Heads with legalized tickets.

According to the documents from the case “Correspondence of the Tomsk governor with the head of Altai mining plants on the eviction of the Kyrgyz from the Upper Current of the Bukhtarma River” it can be seen that in 1874 the petition from 70 Kazakhs of the Bauvakov volost of the Semipalatinsk district was addressed to the head of the Altai factories. They asked the mining authorities to allow them to spend only this winter on the edge of the forest until they chose their permanent residence.

The question of the nomads of the Kazakhs was very acute, giving rise to opposing opinions. On the one hand, the Semipalatinsk governor noted that the resettlement of Kazakhs in winter is tantamount to their final ruin, and that in the interests of humanity it is necessary to cancel the order of the Tomsk Governor, unprecedented in its cruelty. The Tomsk governor, in turn, believed that the Kazakhs always knew how to pity the highest authorities. “The neighborhood of Kazakhs unfavorable for peasants exists along the entire western and partly southern border of the Tomsk province and results in the cattle herding by the Kazakhs. Hence the need to protect the peasants from the predation of the nomads. " But in this case, there is a document which testifies that in the second half of the XIXth century, Cabinet officials allowed Kazakhs to roam in the Altai mountain district, restricting their stay to the Kulunda steppe, charging 3 rubles per wagon per year.

History of East Kazakhstan in documents of foreign archives

Thus, on the one hand, local authorities tried to evict the Kazakhs and restrict their stay in the district. On the other hand, mountain officials were bothering to prevent the Kazakhs involved in mining and factory work, since they were doing work that peasants usually did not agree to. Russian workers, learning about the prohibition of hiring Kazakhs for ore mining, significantly increased prices for their labor. This is reflected in the “Correspondence with the Manager of the Zmeinogsky Territory on the allocation of land to factory and mine villages to the Kyrgyz”. By 1880 peasants began protests against the eviction of Kazakhs working on their farms for a small fee.

Such interesting documents were revealed on this topic as:

Correspondence with the Main Directorate of Western Siberia on the eviction of nomadic Kyrgyz in the Ust-Kamenogorsk district.

The extract from the report on the state of the Steppe Governor-General, 1899, is a report on the Kyrgyz who settled down and live in the Semipalatinsk region, on the provision of free state lands of this region to the nomadic Kirghiz about the right of unlimited use of these lands, with levy on them.

Report of the Manager of the Ust-Kamenogorsk name, 1900 interesting in that it indicates the occupation of the Kyrgyz people for each volost, the number of Kyrgyz families in individual tracts, the number of men and women, married and single.

With the accession of the Upper Irtysh to Russia, the formation of the first peasant villages in the territory of the modern East Kazakhstan region is associated. By creating new settlements in the Ore Altai, the tsarist government wanted to solve the problems of supplying food to the troops on the border line and the mining population of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky plants. In addition, the existence of these villages facilitated the development of the upper Irtysh. But mining workers from Kolyvano-Voskresensky plants, soldiers, schismatics also fled to the valley of the Bukhtarma river. Attempts by the Siberian administration to destroy the villages were unsuccessful. Decree 1792 Bukhtarma fugitives were returned to Russian citizenship as foreigners.

Of particular interest in the history of our region are materials from the All-Russian population censuses. Including lists of the first (Landratus) census, 1719 The originals of these documents are stored in Moscow, the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts.

Also, in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, materials on the administrative-territorial structure of East Kazakhstan XVIII – early XX century were revealed. Funds were viewed:

Siberian order and management of Siberia

Graphic materials of the Senate XVIII - beginning of XX century.

Miller's Briefcases
Government Senate
Provincial maps, county plans, maps, atlases, city plans.

It were identified and ordered to purchase copies of documents:

Diploma of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich to Khan Tevekkel on the Acceptance of Kazakhs as Citizenship of the Moscow State, 1595

translation of the letters of the khan of the Kirghiz-Kaysatsky horde of Abulkhair khan, 1738

report of the Kazan Provincial Chancellery on the taking of the oath by V.N. Tatishchev from Abulkhair Khan (Middle Horde) and Nurali Khan (Lesser Horde) and Kazakh foremen for allegiance to Russia, 1740.

report of the head of the Orenburg Commission, Lieutenant General V.A. Urusov, about taking the oath of allegiance to Russia from the princes Lesser Kirghiz-Kaisatsky Horde Nurali Erli and from the new Khan of the Middle Horde Abul Mammad, about the characteristics of the peoples of the Middle Horde and the nature of its khan (appendix of letters, texts oaths and speeches).

In the reviewed documents — papers by G.F. Miller and papers by Biron, the material for our region is mainly written in German and Latin. Some materials on the Semipalatinsk fortress were taken for microfilming.

The RGADA funds also contain information on the Highest Orders and Orders of Western Siberia regarding the administrative management of Western Siberia and Kazakhstan, plans and reports on the construction of fortresses, on the establishment of nomadic routes, on admission to Russian citizenship, household and household facilities, and training for the local population, about the settlement of Russian peasants in the Kyrgyz steppe, on the development of urban economy, on merchants, the economy and culture of Semipalatinsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk and the region.

Also, documents on the history of East Kazakhstan have been identified and acquired from the funds of the state archive of the Omsk Region: “Military Field Office of the Chief Commander of the Siberian Corps”, “Siberian Governor-General”, “Headquarters of a separate Siberian Corps”. These are statements about trade with Bukharas and Kyrgyz, petitions about Kyrgyz kaisaks who have crossed over to Russia and their lists, instructions to commandants, regimental commanders of the Siberian Linear Cossack army for land surveying to Cossacks and Kyrgyz, report of the Omsk commandant to the commander of a separate Siberia -Russian confession of the Kyrgyz Dzhinkul Kulshenev, correspondence of the chief of staff of a separate Siberian corps with the Ministry of War on the enrollment of the Kyrgyz of the Semipalatinsk region of the Kokbektinsky order Tere Stamgaly volost in the Siberian Cossack Army, family list. The chronological framework of documents identified in the state archive of the Omsk region since 1977 to 1919.

Copies of documents from the funds were purchased in the state archive of the Orenburg region: “Orenburg Provincial Chancellery”, “Orenburg Expedition of the Border Troops”. These are the cases of the death of Ablkhair Khan, the report of Major General (Kindnrman) to the High Government Senate on border fortresses, the extract from the case of the sacking of caravans by the Kyrgyz, the opening of massacres in the Lesser Horde, the death of Nurali Khan and the transfer of inheritance, the escape and release of their subjects Kyrgyz captivity.

Documents identified during foreign business trips were used in the publication of the collection “Trade Relations of the Semipalatinsk Irtysh Region, XVIII –XX centuries (2004). The collection contains archival documents reflecting the role of the Semipalatinsk Irtysh Region and its administrative center, Semipalatinsk, in the development of domestic and foreign trade, which occupies an important place in good-neighborly relations with Russia by the countries of Central Asia and China. Also, the documents of the Federal Archives of Moscow and Novosibirsk were included in the collection “From the History of the Greatest Tragedy of the Kazakh People, 1932-1933”, which reflects the tragic events associated with the famine of 1932-1933. mass migrations of indigenous people from places of permanent residence, child homelessness and high mortality among the population of East Kazakhstan.

In 2006 it was 165 anniversaries of Michaelis E.P., a local historian, scientist, political exile, friend of the great Kazakh enlightener and poet Abai Kunanbaev. He was a member of the revolutionary democratic movement of the 60s of the XIX century, for which he was arrested and exiled from St. Petersburg to the city of Semipalatinsk. Being in exile, E.P.Mikhaelis did a lot to study the eastern outskirts of Kazakhstan. He is the first to be credited with discovering coal in the Zaysan Territory and traces of ancient glacial formations on the mountain ranges of Tarbagatai and Saur. He conducted surveys to build a postal road between Semipalatinsk and Kokpekty, explored the channel of the Irtysh River and Lake Zaysan.

All documents were identified in the state archive of the city of Tobolsk of the Russian Federation under the Tobolsk General Provincial Administration fund. Copies of documents that testify to the life of E.P. Mikhaila during the exile in the city of Tara were purchased:

Tobolsk province on the expulsion of E.P. Mikhaila
Tarol civil governor on the residence of Michaelis E. in exile

a letter from the military governor of the Semipalatinsk region to Mr. Tobolsk governor about the behavior of Michaelis E. in exile in 1863-1969. in the city of Tara.

These documents were used in preparing the exhibition.

Based on the identified and acquired documents in the state archives of the Russian Federation, the collection “Documents on the history of East Kazakhstan identified in archives and scientific institutions of foreign archives” has been created.