Legal framework

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the People’s Republic of China, a sound legal framework has been developed, facilitating the further strengthening of the strategic partnership across a wide range of areas. In total, more than 557 bilateral treaties and agreements have been signed at the interstate, intergovernmental, and interagency levels.

The most significant bilateral treaties include the Joint communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the People's Republic of China (January 3, 1992, Almaty), the Demarcation protocol of the Kazakhstan–China state border (May 2002); the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation (December 2002, Beijing); Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the establishment of the Kazakhstan–China Cooperation Committee (May 2004); Joint Declaration on the Establishment and Development of a Strategic Partnership (July 2005, Astana); Joint Declaration on the Development of a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (June 2011, Astana); Joint Declaration between Kazakhstan and China on Further Deepening the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (September 2013, Astana); Joint Declaration of the Heads of State of Kazakhstan and China on a New Stage of Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (August 2015, Beijing); Joint Statement on Permanent Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Kazakhstan and China (September 2019, Beijing); Joint Statement of Kazakhstan and China (May 2023, Xi’an); Agreement between the Governments of Kazakhstan and China on mutual exemption from visa requirements (May 2023, Xi’an); Agreement between the Governments of Kazakhstan and China on International Road Transport (May 2023, Xi’an); Agreement on the Mutual Establishment of Cultural Centers (November 27, 2023); Joint Statement of Kazakhstan and China (July 3, 2024, Astana); Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China on the Establishment of a Strategic Dialogue at the level of Foreign Ministers (March 30, 2024, Beijing).