Foot-and-mouth disease is an infectious, contagious, acute and rapidly spreading disease of many animal species. The disease is caused by a filtering virus, characterized by fever and the development of aphthous lesions on the oral mucosa, as well as on the skin of the udder and extremities. A person is susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease, especially children. The causative agent of the disease is a filtering virus, several types of FMD virus are known: A, O, C, Sat - 1. Sat - 2. Sat - 3. Asia -1, Asia - 2, all types of viruses have many variants. Now in Kazakhstan, where outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease have been registered, the type of virus Asia -1, Asia - 2 has been determined - this type of virus is considered the most virulent.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus is relatively resistant to the influence of environmental factors, in fragments of the epithelial walls of foot-and-mouth disease aft remains virulent for 67 days, in manure - 39 days, in sewage - up to 130 days. On plant stems, under snow, the virus persists for 214 days, in pieces of frozen manure - 135 days, at t +200C on plant stems - 37 days. With rapid freezing of meat carcasses, the virus remains active for 40 days. It is stored in chilled milk for 15 days.
The source of infection is sick animals in whose body the virus multiplies and begins to be released into the external environment already in the incubation period, the sick animals remain virus carriers, which are a dangerous source of infection. Scientists have proven the presence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the blood of cattle after 158 days, and in the urine after 146 days after clinical recovery.
The pathogen enters the external environment from the body of a sick animal with all the secrets - saliva, milk, bile, as well as urine and feces. Foot-and-mouth disease infection occurs both through direct contact of sick animals with healthy ones, through feed, water, litter, means of transportation, manure, care items, etc. Passive transmitters of the virus can be non-susceptible animals, horses, birds, dogs, cats and humans. It is proved that the penetration of the virus into many settlements of the economy was brought by transport in 46 cases, in 40 cases - by people, as well as by various animals and birds and as a result of dust storms. The rapid spread of the disease is explained by the resistance of the virus, the extreme susceptibility of animals to foot-and-mouth disease, the acute course of the disease, intense viral release and, finally, the diverse ways of transmission of the virus over long distances. The virus that enters the animal's body through the digestive tract or the outer integuments, if their integrity is violated, penetrate into the epithelial cells and begin to multiply. The incubation period in cattle is 1-3 days, but it can be from 12 hours to 7 days and from 14 to 21 days.
Foot-and-mouth disease is benign and malignant. At the beginning of the disease, there is a decrease in appetite, sluggish chewing gum, excessive salivation, body temperature rises to 40-410C. On the 2nd-3rd day of the disease, aphthae appear on the inner surface of the upper and lower lips, on the toothless edge of the lower jaw, on the tongue, on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, at the same time aphthae are formed in the area of the intergulate cleft, may be on the udder. At the beginning, the aphthae have the size of a millet grain, then they merge and increase to the size of a walnut, then the walls of the aphthae rupture, leaving behind fresh erosion. At this time, the body temperature decreases to normal, there is abundant salivation, the formation of a foamy mass in the corners of the mouth, smacking. The formation of aft, and then erosion on the limbs causes lameness in animals. The duration of the disease with a benign course is 8-10 days, with complications it lasts up to 45 days. With a malignant course, foot-and-mouth disease first proceeds typically, and at the stage of recovery on day 7-10, a sharp deterioration in the animal's condition occurs, death occurs from heart paralysis.
To confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of virus that caused the outbreak, pathological material is sent to the laboratory. If a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak is detected, it is necessary to localize the disease within the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak and prevent its further spread.
Disinfection of premises
Premises where animals with foot-and-mouth disease are kept, inventory and other items are disinfected daily by one of the following means:
Hot 2% solution of caustic sodium or caustic potassium, or 30% solution of ash liquor.
1% formaldehyde solution.
20% bleach solution.
5% hot soda ash solution at 3 hours exposure.
Steam-formalin chambers and flowing steam are used to disinfect clothes. Ropes, canvas, cotton, felt and other things are disinfected with a 3% solution of chloramine or a 2% solution of formaldehyde for two hours. In rooms inhabited by rodents, along with disinfection, it is also necessary to organize measures for their extermination. Skins obtained from forcibly killed or fallen animals with foot-and-mouth disease and wool are subject to disinfection in accordance with the procedure provided for by the current guidelines for disinfection of raw leather and wool. Disinfected leather and wool, packed in bales, are allowed to be exported from a point that was unfavorable for foot-and-mouth disease only after the quarantine is lifted from this point.
Activities carried out in the hearth during an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease
Determine the boundaries of the epizootic focus of foot-and-mouth disease.
They protect the territory of the epizootic hearth, leaving one entrance and install a round-the-clock guard post with a sign "Entry is prohibited" in it.
Equip a checkpoint at the entrance to the hearth, install a dez.barriers, a barrier and signs: "Passage is prohibited", "Detour", "Dangerous foot-and-mouth disease".
Permanent transport is fixed on the territory of the hearth without the right to leave it, and goods from outside are delivered by separate transport.
Provide persons serving sick animals with replaceable sanitary clothing and shoes, towels, soap, dez. a solution for hand treatment, a first aid kit.
A room is equipped within the hearth for disinfection of milk, processing and storage of dairy products.
Carry out daily disinfection of the hearth area and premises where sick animals are kept.
Organize the destruction of rodents, stray dogs, exclude contact of sick animals with cats, dogs, birds.
Sick animals are taken under strict control and subjected to treatment, clinically healthy animals are vaccinated with an anti-tumor vaccine of the appropriate type.
Slaughter of animals in the hearth is allowed only with the permission of the chief state veterinary and sanitary inspector of the district.
The export of meat and other products and raw materials of animal origin in raw form outside the hearth is not allowed.
The corpses of animals that have fallen in the hearth are burned and buried in trenches at least 1.5 meters deep in the hearth.
Do not allow the export (import) from the territory of the epizootic center of any objects, products and raw materials of animal origin.
We pay special attention to potential buyers of animals to the fact that when purchasing live cattle, all animals must be accompanied by veterinary documents, and for cattle - additionally identified with ear tags.
Another equally important factor in the spread of infection in the regions is the concealment by the hosts of the presence of clinically ill livestock.